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The City of Salem is a coastal city in Essex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. Located on the North Shore, Massachusetts, Salem is a New England bedrock of history and is considered one of the most significant seaports in Puritan American history. The City of Salem's reported population was 41,340 at the 2010 census.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Salem city, Massachusetts )〕 Salem and Lawrence were the county seats of Essex County prior to the abolishment of county government in 1999.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=2011-06-07 )〕 The city is home to the House of Seven Gables, Salem State University, the Salem Willows Park, Forrest River Park, and the Peabody Essex Museum〔(Peabody Essex announces $650 million campaign ), WickedLocal.com, November 14, 2011〕〔(Peabody Essex vaults into top tier by raising $550 million ), Boston Globe, November 6, 2011.〕〔(PEM announces $650 million advancement ), Peabody Essex Museum press release, November 7, 2011.〕 Salem is a residential and tourist area which includes the neighborhoods of Salem Neck, The Point, South Salem and North Salem, Witchcraft Heights, Pickering Wharf, and the McIntire Historic District〔http://www.salemnews.com/lifestyle/x130096427/Tales-of-Chestnut-Street〕 (named after Salem's famous architect and carver, Samuel McIntire).〔http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5401630Salem's famous architect and carver, Samuel McIntire〕〔http://antiquesandartireland.com/2011/01/antique-furniture-record/Salem's famous architect and carver, Samuel McIntire〕 Featured notably in Arthur Miller's ''The Crucible'', much of the city's cultural identity is reflective of its role as the location of the Salem witch trials of 1692: Police cars are adorned with witch logos, a local public school is known as the Witchcraft Heights Elementary School, the Salem High School athletic teams are named the Witches; and Gallows Hill, a site of numerous public hangings, is currently used as a playing field for various sports. Tourists know Salem as a mix of important historical sites and a vibrant downtown that has more than 60 restaurants, cafes and coffee shops. In 2012, the Retailers Association of Massachusetts chose Salem as the recipient of their inaugural "Best Shopping District" award. President Barack Obama on January 10, 2013 signed executive order HR1339 designating Salem as the birthplace of the U.S. National Guard.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Statement by the Press Secretary on Bills Signed on January 10, 2013 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Defense.gov News Article: Salem Takes Honor as National Guard’s Birthplace )〕〔http://www.salemnews.com/local/x360397837/377th-First-Muster-Anniversary-Photo-Slideshow/?state=taberU〕 ==History== Salem, located at the mouth of the Naumkeag river at the site of an ancient Native American village and trading center, was first settled by Europeans in 1626, when a company of fishermen〔More than a dozen (old planters) followed Conant to Salem, Gardner & Tylley included. Phippen, George D. "Old Planters of Salem" ''Hist. Coll. of the Essex Institute'' Vol. 1, 97 et seq.〕 from Cape Ann led by Roger Conant arrived. Conant's leadership had provided the stability to survive the first two years, but he was immediately replaced by John Endecott, one of the new arrivals, by order of the Massachusetts Bay Company. Conant graciously stepped aside and was granted of land in compensation. These "New Planters" and the "Old Planters"〔〔The four Old Planters are John Balch, Roger Conant, Peter Palfrey & John Woodbury. Crawford, Mary Caroline, ''Famous families of Massachusetts''. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1930. Chap 6〕 agreed to cooperate, in large part due to the diplomacy of Conant and Endicott. In recognition of this peaceful transition to the new government, the name of the settlement was changed to Salem, a hellenized form of the word for "peace" in Hebrew שלום (''shalom''), and the name mentioned several times in the Bible and traditionally associated with Jerusalem.〔Richard Gildrie, ''Salem Massachusetts 1626-1683'', 4.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Salem )〕 In 1628, Endecott ordered that the Great ("Governor's") House be moved from Cape Ann, reassembling on what is now Washington Street north of Church Street.〔Goff, John. (2009) ''Salem's Witch House: A Touchstone to Antiquity'' The History Press (via (google.com ))〕 When Higginson arrived in Salem, he wrote that "we found a faire house newly built for the Governor" which was remarkable for being two stories high.〔Felt, J.B. (1827) ''Annals of Salem'' W.&S. B. Ives〕 A year later, the Massachusetts Bay Charter was issued creating the Massachusetts Bay Colony with Matthew Craddock as its governor in London and Endecott as its governor in the colony.〔Craddock's letter to Endicott. Young, A. (1846). ''Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony ...'' C.C. Little & J. Brown (via (archive.org ))〕 John Winthrop was elected Governor in late 1629, and arrived with the Winthrop Fleet in 1630, beginning the Great Migration. In 1639, Endecott's was one of the signatures on the building contract for enlarging the meeting house in Town House Square for the First Church in Salem. This document remains part of the town records at City Hall. He was active in the affairs of the town throughout his life. Samuel Skelton was the first pastor of (the First Church of Salem ), which is the original Puritan church in North America.〔Marsh, D. W., Ed., ''Genealogy of the Marsh Family Outline for Five Generations,'' p. 1, Press of J. R. Williams, Amherst, MA, 1886.〕 Endecott already had a close relationship with Skelton, having been converted by him, and Endecott considered him as his spiritual father.〔Upham, William Phineas, ''Papers Relating to the Rev. Samuel Skelton,'' 1875.〕〔Harrison, Bruce H., ''The Family Forest Descendants of Rev. Samuel Skelton,'' p. 4, Millisecond Publishing Co., Inc., Kamuela, HI, 2004.〕 Roger Conant died in 1679, at the age of 87; a large statue commemorating him stands overlooking Salem Common. Salem originally included much of the North Shore, including Marblehead. Most of the accused in the Salem witch trials lived in nearby "Salem Village", now known as Danvers, although a few lived on the outskirts of Salem. Salem Village also included Peabody and parts of present-day Beverly. Middleton, Topsfield, Wenham and Manchester-by-the-Sea were once parts of Salem. William Hathorne was a prosperous businessman in early Salem and became one of its leading citizens of the early colonial period. He led troops to victory in King Philip's War, served as a magistrate on the highest court, and was chosen as the first speaker of the House of Deputies. He was a zealous advocate of the personal rights of freemen against royal emissaries and agents.〔Anderson, Robert, ''The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England, 1620-1633,'' Entry for William Hathorne, New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston, MA, 1999.〕 Puritans had come to Massachusetts to obtain religious freedom for themselves, but had no particular interest in establishing a haven for other faiths. The laws were harsh, with punishments that included fines, deprivation of property, banishment or imprisonment. One of the most widely known aspects of Salem is its history of witchcraft allegations, which in many popular accounts started with Abigail Williams, Betty Parris, and their friends playing with a Venus glass (mirror) and egg. Salem is also significant in legal history as the site of the Dorthy Talbye trial, where a mentally ill woman was hanged for murdering her daughter, because at the time Massachusetts made no distinction between insanity and criminal behavior. The story of the girls in Salem experimenting with fortune-telling is, however, apocryphal. William Hathorne's son, Judge John Hathorne, came to prominence in the late 17th century. People generally believed witchcraft to be real. Nothing caused more fear in the Puritan community than people who appeared to be possessed by demons, and witchcraft was a serious felony. Judge Hathorne is the best known of the witch trial judges, and he became known as the "Hanging Judge" for sentencing witches to death.〔Starkey, Marion, ''The Devil in Massachusetts,'' Knopf, Doubleday, 1969.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Salem, Massachusetts」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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